Martin S. Silberberg Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change Fifth Edition

Cover......Page 1
Chemistry - The Molecular Science of Matter and Change, Fifth Edition......Page 2
ISBN-13: 9780073048598 ISBN-10: 0073048593 eISBN: 9780077396671......Page 3
Contents......Page 6
1 CHAPTER: Keys to the Study of Chemistry......Page 31
1.1 Some Fundamental Definitions......Page 33
1.2 Chemical Arts and the Origins of Modern Chemistry......Page 39
1.3 The Scientific Approach: Developing a Model......Page 41
1.4 Chemical Problem Solving......Page 43
1.5 Measurement in Scientific Study......Page 47
1.6 Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures......Page 56
CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE......Page 61
Chemical Connections to Interdisciplinary Science: Chemistry Problem Solving in the Real World......Page 62
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 63
PROBLEMS......Page 64
2 CHAPTER: The Components of Matter......Page 69
2.1 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures: An Atomic Overview......Page 70
2.2 The Observations That Led to an Atomic View of Matter......Page 73
2.3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory......Page 76
2.4 The Observations That Led to the Nuclear Atom Model......Page 77
2.5 The Atomic Theory Today......Page 81
Tools of the Laboratory: Mass Spectrometry......Page 84
2.6 Elements: A First Look at the Periodic Table......Page 86
2.7 Compounds: Introduction to Bonding......Page 89
2.8 Compounds: Formulas, Names, and Masses......Page 93
GALLERY: Picturing Molecules......Page 103
2.9 Mixtures: Classification and Separation......Page 104
Tools of the Laboratory: Basic Separation Techniques......Page 105
CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE......Page 107
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 108
PROBLEMS......Page 110
3 CHAPTER: Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations......Page 118
3.1 The Mole......Page 119
3.2 Determining the Formula of an Unknown Compound......Page 127
3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations......Page 133
3.4 Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product......Page 138
3.5 Fundamentals of Solution Stoichiometry......Page 150
CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE......Page 156
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 157
PROBLEMS......Page 160
4 CHAPTER: Three Major Classes of Chemical Reactions......Page 169
4.1 The Role of Water as a Solvent......Page 170
4.2 Writing Equations for Aqueous Ionic Reactions......Page 174
4.3 Precipitation Reactions......Page 175
4.4 Acid-Base Reactions......Page 179
4.5 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions......Page 187
4.6 Elements in Redox Reactions......Page 195
4.7 Reaction Reversibility and the Equilibrium State......Page 202
CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE......Page 204
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 205
PROBLEMS......Page 207
5 CHAPTER: Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory......Page 215
5.1 An Overview of the Physical States of Matter......Page 216
5.2 Gas Pressure and Its Measurement......Page 218
5.3 The Gas Laws and Their Experimental Foundations......Page 222
5.4 Further Applications of the Ideal Gas Law......Page 232
5.5 The Ideal Gas Law and Reaction Stoichiometry......Page 237
5.6 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory: A Model for Gas Behavior......Page 239
Chemical Connections to Planetary Science: Structure and Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere......Page 247
5.7 Real Gases: Deviations from Ideal Behavior......Page 250
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 253
PROBLEMS......Page 256
6 CHAPTER: Thermochemistry: Energy Flow and Chemical Change......Page 264
6.1 Forms of Energy and Their Interconversion......Page 265
6.2 Enthalpy: Heats of Reaction and Chemical Change......Page 272
6.3 Calorimetry: Laboratory Measurement of Heats of Reaction......Page 275
6.4 Stoichiometry of Thermochemical Equations......Page 278
6.5 Hess’s Law of Heat Summation......Page 280
6.6 Standard Heats of Reaction (ΔH°rxn)......Page 282
Chemical Connections to Environmental Science: The Future of Energy Use......Page 285
CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE......Page 288
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 289
PROBLEMS......Page 290
7 CHAPTER: Quantum Theory and Atomic Structure......Page 297
7.1 The Nature of Light......Page 298
7.2 Atomic Spectra......Page 305
Tools of the Laboratory: Spectrophotometry in Chemical Analysis......Page 310
7.3 The Wave-Particle Duality of Matter and Energy......Page 312
7.4 The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom......Page 316
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 324
PROBLEMS......Page 326
8 CHAPTER: Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity......Page 331
8.1 Development of the Periodic Table......Page 332
8.2 Characteristics of Many-Electron Atoms......Page 333
8.3 The Quantum-Mechanical Model and the Periodic Table......Page 337
8.4 Trends in Three Key Atomic Properties......Page 346
8.5 Atomic Structure and Chemical Reactivity......Page 354
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 363
PROBLEMS......Page 365
9 CHAPTER: Models of Chemical Bonding......Page 369
9.1 Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonds......Page 370
9.2 The Ionic Bonding Model......Page 373
9.3 The Covalent Bonding Model......Page 380
9.4 Bond Energy and Chemical Change......Page 385
Tools of the Laboratory: Infrared Spectroscopy......Page 386
9.5 Between the Extremes: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity......Page 392
9.6 An Introduction to Metallic Bonding......Page 398
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 400
PROBLEMS......Page 402
10 CHAPTER The Shapes of Molecules......Page 406
10.1 Depicting Molecules and Ions with Lewis Structures......Page 407
10.2 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory and Molecular Shape......Page 417
GALLERY: Molecular Beauty: Odd Shapes with Useful Functions......Page 427
10.3 Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity......Page 428
CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE......Page 430
Chemical Connections to Sensory Physiology: Molecular Shape, Biological Receptors, and the Sense of Smell......Page 431
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 433
PROBLEMS......Page 434
11 CHAPTER: Theories of Covalent Bonding......Page 439
11.1 Valence Bond (VB) Theory and Orbital Hybridization......Page 440
11.2 The Mode of Orbital Overlap and the Types of Covalent Bonds......Page 447
11.3 Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory and Electron Delocalization......Page 451
CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE......Page 459
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 460
PROBLEMS......Page 461
12 CHAPTER: Intermolecular Forces: Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes......Page 465
12.1 An Overview of Physical States and Phase Changes......Page 466
12.2 Quantitative Aspects of Phase Changes......Page 469
12.3 Types of Intermolecular Forces......Page 479
12.4 Properties of the Liquid State......Page 486
GALLERY: Properties of a Liquid......Page 488
12.5 The Uniqueness ofWater......Page 489
12.6 The Solid State: Structure, Properties, and Bonding......Page 492
Tools of the Laboratory: X-Ray Diffraction Analysis and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy......Page 497
12.7 Advanced Materials......Page 505
CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE......Page 520
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 521
PROBLEMS......Page 522
13 CHAPTER: The Properties of Mixtures: Solutions and Colloids......Page 529
13.1 Types of Solutions: Intermolecular Forces and Solubility......Page 531
13.2 Intermolecular Forces and Biological Macromolecules......Page 536
13.3 Why Substances Dissolve: Understanding the Solution Process......Page 543
13.4 Solubility as an Equilibrium Process......Page 548
13.5 Quantitative Ways of Expressing Concentration......Page 551
13.6 Colligative Properties of Solutions......Page 556
GALLERY: Colligative Properties in Industry and Biology......Page 562
13.7 The Structure and Properties of Colloids......Page 568
Chemical Connections to Environmental Engineering: Solutions and Colloids in Water Purification......Page 570
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 572
PROBLEMS......Page 575
14 CHAPTER: Periodic Patterns in the Main-Group Elements......Page 582
14.1 Hydrogen, the Simplest Atom......Page 583
14.2 Trends Across the Periodic Table: The Period 2 Elements......Page 585
14.3 Group 1A(1): The Alkali Metals......Page 588
14.4 Group 2A(2): The Alkaline Earth Metals......Page 592
14.5 Group 3A(13): The Boron Family......Page 596
14.6 Group 4A(14): The Carbon Family......Page 602
GALLERY: Silicate Minerals and Silicone Polymers......Page 610
14.7 Group 5A(15): The Nitrogen Family......Page 613
14.8 Group 6A(16): The Oxygen Family......Page 621
14.9 Group 7A(17): The Halogens......Page 628
14.10 Group 8A(18): The Noble Gases......Page 635
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 637
PROBLEMS......Page 638
15 CHAPTER: Organic Compounds and the Atomic Properties of Carbon......Page 646
15.1 The Special Nature of Carbon and the Characteristics of Organic Molecules......Page 647
15.2 The Structures and Classes of Hydrocarbons......Page 650
Chemical Connections to Sensory Physiology: Geometric Isomers and the Chemistry of Vision......Page 660
15.3 Some Important Classes of Organic Reactions......Page 664
15.4 Properties and Reactivities of Common Functional Groups......Page 668
15.5 The Monomer-Polymer Theme I: Synthetic Macromolecules......Page 680
15.6 The Monomer-Polymer Theme II: Biological Macromolecules......Page 683
CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE......Page 691
Chemical Connections to Genetics and Forensics: DNA Sequencing and Fingerprinting......Page 692
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 694
PROBLEMS......Page 696
16 CHAPTER: Kinetics: Rates and Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions......Page 702
16.1 Factors That Influence Reaction Rate......Page 704
16.2 Expressing the Reaction Rate......Page 705
16.3 The Rate Law and Its Components......Page 709
Tools of the Laboratory: Measuring Reaction Rates......Page 710
16.4 Integrated Rate Laws: Concentration Changes over Time......Page 717
16.5 The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate......Page 723
16.6 Explaining the Effects of Concentration and Temperature......Page 726
16.7 Reaction Mechanisms: Steps in the Overall Reaction......Page 732
16.8 Catalysis: Speeding Up a Chemical Reaction......Page 738
Chemical Connections to Enzymology: Kinetics and Function of Biological Catalysts......Page 741
Chemical Connections to Atmospheric Science: Depletion of the Earth’s Ozone Layer......Page 743
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 744
PROBLEMS......Page 746
17 CHAPTER: Equilibrium: The Extent of Chemical Reactions......Page 755
17.1 The Equilibrium State and the Equilibrium Constant......Page 756
17.2 The Reaction Quotient and the Equilibrium Constant......Page 759
17.3 Expressing Equilibria with Pressure Terms: Relation Between K[Supscrip(c)] and K[Supscrip(p)]......Page 766
17.4 Reaction Direction: Comparing Q and K......Page 767
17.5 How to Solve Equilibrium Problems......Page 770
17.6 Reaction Conditions and the Equilibrium State: Le Châtelier’s Principle......Page 779
Chemical Connections to Cellular Metabolism: Design and Control of a Metabolic Pathway......Page 788
Chemical Connections to Industrial Production: The Haber Process for the Synthesis of Ammonia......Page 789
CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE......Page 790
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 791
PROBLEMS......Page 793
18 CHAPTER: Acid-Base Equilibria......Page 800
18.1 Acids and Bases in Water......Page 802
18.2 Autoionization ofWater and the pH Scale......Page 807
18.3 Proton Transfer and the Brønsted- Lowry Acid-Base Definition......Page 811
18.4 Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria......Page 816
18.5 Weak Bases and Their Relation to Weak Acids......Page 823
18.6 Molecular Properties and Acid Strength......Page 828
18.7 Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions......Page 830
18.8 Generalizing the Brønsted-Lowry Concept: The Leveling Effect......Page 834
18.9 Electron-Pair Donation and the Lewis Acid-Base Definition......Page 835
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 839
PROBLEMS......Page 841
19 CHAPTER: Ionic Equilibria in Aqueous Systems......Page 849
19.1 Equilibria of Acid-Base Buffer Systems......Page 850
19.2 Acid-Base Titration Curves......Page 859
19.3 Equilibria of Slightly Soluble Ionic Compounds......Page 869
Chemical Connections to Geology: Creation of a Limestone Cave......Page 877
19.4 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions......Page 880
Chemical Connections to Environmental Science: The Acid-Rain Problem......Page 881
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 888
PROBLEMS......Page 890
20 CHAPTER: Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and the Direction of Chemical Reactions......Page 898
20.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Predicting Spontaneous Change......Page 899
20.2 Calculating the Change in Entropy of a Reaction......Page 911
Chemical Connections to Biology: Do Living Things Obey the Laws of Thermodynamics?......Page 915
20.3 Entropy, Free Energy, and Work......Page 917
Chemical Connections to Biological Energetics: The Universal Role of ATP......Page 926
20.4 Free Energy, Equilibrium, and Reaction Direction......Page 927
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 932
PROBLEMS......Page 934
21 CHAPTER: Electrochemistry: Chemical Change and Electrical Work......Page 940
21.1 Redox Reactions and Electrochemical Cells......Page 941
21.2 Voltaic Cells: Using Spontaneous Reactions to Generate Electrical Energy......Page 947
21.3 Cell Potential: Output of a Voltaic Cell......Page 952
21.4 Free Energy and ElectricalWork......Page 961
21.5 Electrochemical Processes in Batteries......Page 970
21.6 Corrosion: A Case of Environmental Electrochemistry......Page 974
21.7 Electrolytic Cells: Using Electrical Energy to Drive Nonspontaneous Reactions......Page 977
Chemical Connections to Biological Energetics: Cellular Electrochemistry and the Production of ATP......Page 985
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 987
PROBLEMS......Page 990
22 CHAPTER: The Elements in Nature and Industry......Page 998
22.1 How the Elements Occur in Nature......Page 999
22.2 The Cycling of Elements Through the Environment......Page 1004
22.3 Metallurgy: Extracting a Metal from Its Ore......Page 1011
22.4 Tapping the Crust: Isolation and Uses of Selected Elements......Page 1016
22.5 Chemical Manufacturing: Two Case Studies......Page 1030
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 1034
PROBLEMS......Page 1035
23 CHAPTER: The Transition Elements and Their Coordination Compounds......Page 1040
23.1 Properties of the Transition Elements......Page 1042
23.2 The Inner Transition Elements......Page 1048
23.3 Highlights of Selected Transition Metals......Page 1050
23.4 Coordination Compounds......Page 1055
23.5 Theoretical Basis for the Bonding and Properties of Complexes......Page 1064
CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE......Page 1072
Chemical Connections to Nutritional Science: Transition Metals as Essential Dietary Trace Elements......Page 1073
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 1075
PROBLEMS......Page 1076
24 CHAPTER: Nuclear Reactions and Their Applications......Page 1082
24.1 Radioactive Decay and Nuclear Stability......Page 1084
24.2 The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay......Page 1092
Tools of the Laboratory: Counters for the Detection of Radioactive Emissions......Page 1093
24.3 Nuclear Transmutation: Induced Changes in Nuclei......Page 1098
24.4 The Effects of Nuclear Radiation on Matter......Page 1100
24.5 Applications of Radioisotopes......Page 1105
24.6 The Interconversion of Mass and Energy......Page 1108
24.7 Applications of Fission and Fusion......Page 1112
Chemical Connections to Cosmology: Origin of the Elements in the Stars......Page 1117
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE......Page 1119
PROBLEMS......Page 1121
Appendix A: Common Mathematical Operations in Chemistry......Page 1127
Appendix B: Standard Thermodynamic Values for Selected Substances......Page 1131
Appendix C: Equilibrium Constants for Selected Substances......Page 1134
Appendix D: Standard Electrode (Half- Cell) Potentials......Page 1140
Appendix E: Answers to Selected Problems......Page 1141
Glossary......Page 1175
Credits......Page 1193
Index......Page 1195