Learning and Behavior -Active Learning Edition 6th by Paul Chance.7z {Charm-Quark}

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Learning and Behavior - Active Learning 6th Edition

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Publisher : Cengage Learning
Author : Paul Chance
Number of Pages : 528
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Table of Contents:
Contents......Page 4
CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Learning to Change......Page 22
Natural Selection......Page 23
BOX: The Face of Change......Page 24
BOX: Mutated Sight and Flight......Page 29
Reflexes......Page 30
Modal Action Patterns......Page 33
General Behavior Traits......Page 37
The Limits of Natural Selection......Page 41
Learning Means Change......Page 43
What Changes Behavior Is Experience......Page 44
Nature via Nurture......Page 47
BOX: The Superior Animal......Page 50
Review Questions......Page 51
Practice Quiz......Page 52
Query Answers......Page 53
CHAPTER 2 The Study of Learning and Behavior......Page 55
BOX: Defining Operations......Page 57
Measuring Learning......Page 58
Anecdotal Evidence......Page 63
Case Studies......Page 64
Descriptive Studies......Page 65
Experimental Studies......Page 66
Limitations of Experimental Research......Page 69
Animal Research and Human Learning......Page 70
Objections to Animal Research......Page 71
Explaining Behavior......Page 74
Recommended Reading......Page 76
Review Questions......Page 77
Practice Quiz......Page 78
Query Answers......Page 79
CHAPTER 3 Pavlovian Conditioning......Page 80
BOX: Ivan Pavlov: An Experimenter from Head to Foot......Page 82
Basic Procedures......Page 83
BOX: What’s What in Pavlovian Conditioning?......Page 86
Higher-Order Conditioning......Page 87
Measuring Pavlovian Learning......Page 88
Pairing CS and US......Page 90
CS–US Contingency......Page 92
CS–US Contiguity......Page 93
Stimulus Features......Page 94
Prior Experience with CS and US......Page 96
Number of CS–US Pairings......Page 98
Other Variables......Page 99
Extinction of Conditional Responses......Page 101
BOX: Edwin B. Twitmyer and What Might Have Been......Page 103
Stimulus-Substitution Theory......Page 104
Rescorla-Wagner Model......Page 106
BOX: Conditioning and Awareness......Page 109
Recommended Reading......Page 110
Review Questions......Page 111
Practice Quiz......Page 112
Query Answers......Page 113
CHAPTER 4 Pavlovian Applications......Page 114
Fear......Page 115
BOX: Thank You, Albert......Page 116
BOX: What Rats Can Teach Us About Fear......Page 118
Prejudice......Page 121
Advertising......Page 123
BOX: Bite Your Tongue!......Page 125
The Paraphilias......Page 126
Taste Aversions......Page 129
BOX: Sheep: Nature’s Weed Eaters......Page 130
Immune Function......Page 132
Drug Overdose Deaths......Page 134
A Final Word......Page 135
Review Questions......Page 136
Query Answers......Page 138
CHAPTER 5 Reinforcement......Page 140
BOX: E. L. Thorndike: What the Occasion Demanded......Page 144
BOX: B. F. Skinner: The Darwin of Behavior Science......Page 147
Types of Operant Learning......Page 148
Discrete Trial and Free Operant Procedures......Page 151
BOX: The Three Terms of Operant Learning......Page 153
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers......Page 155
Contrived and Natural Reinforcers......Page 157
Shaping and Chaining......Page 159
BOX: Tips for Shapers......Page 162
Contingency......Page 165
Contiguity......Page 166
Reinforcer Characteristics......Page 169
Task Characteristics......Page 170
Motivating Operations......Page 171
Other Variables......Page 172
Neuromechanics of Reinforcement......Page 173
BOX: Latent Learning......Page 177
Extinction of Reinforced Behavior......Page 179
Hull’s Drive-Reduction Theory......Page 183
Relative Value Theory and the Premack Principle......Page 184
Response Deprivation Theory......Page 186
Two-Process Theory......Page 188
One-Process Theory......Page 191
Review Questions......Page 192
Query Answers......Page 194
CHAPTER 6 Schedules of Reinforcement......Page 196
Continuous Reinforcement......Page 198
Fixed Ratio Schedules......Page 199
Variable Ratio Schedules......Page 200
Fixed Interval Schedules......Page 202
Variable Interval Schedules......Page 203
Other Simple Schedules......Page 204
Stretching the Ratio......Page 207
Intermittent Reinforcement and the PRE......Page 208
Discrimination Hypothesis......Page 209
Frustration Hypothesis......Page 210
Sequential Hypothesis......Page 211
Response Unit Hypothesis......Page 212
Complex Schedules......Page 213
Choice and the Matching Law......Page 216
BOX: Ghetto Choice......Page 219
The Importance of Schedules Research......Page 220
Review Questions......Page 223
Query Answers......Page 225
CHAPTER 7 Punishment......Page 227
Types of Punishment......Page 229
BOX: Aversive Confusion: Positive Punishment and Negative Reinforcement Compared......Page 230
Contingency......Page 231
Contiguity......Page 232
Introductory Level of Punishment......Page 234
Alternative Sources of Reinforcement......Page 236
Other Variables......Page 237
Theories of Punishment......Page 238
Two-Process Theory......Page 239
Problems with Punishment......Page 240
Escape......Page 241
Aggression......Page 242
Imitation of the Punisher......Page 243
Alternatives to Punishment......Page 244
Review Questions......Page 246
Query Answers......Page 248
CHAPTER 8 Operant Applications and Interpretations......Page 250
Zoo Life......Page 252
Education......Page 254
Self-Injurious Behavior......Page 260
Self-Control......Page 263
Delusions......Page 266
Self-Awareness......Page 268
BOX: The Shaping of Awareness......Page 270
Helplessness......Page 271
Excessive Gambling......Page 273
Superstition......Page 275
BOX: Quick! Get Some Mud!......Page 277
Insightful Problem Solving......Page 278
Creativity......Page 283
Verbal Behavior......Page 286
BOX: Rewarding Lies......Page 288
A Final Word......Page 289
Recommended Reading......Page 290
Review Questions......Page 291
Practice Quiz......Page 292
Query Answers......Page 293
CHAPTER 9 Observational Learning......Page 295
Basic Procedures......Page 297
Observational Learning Versus Imitation......Page 302
Generalized Imitation......Page 303
Consequences of the Observer’s Behavior......Page 305
Characteristics of the Model......Page 306
Observer’s Age......Page 307
BOX: Observational Learning and Human Nature......Page 308
Other Variables......Page 309
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory......Page 310
Miller-Dollard Reinforcement Theory......Page 311
Foraging......Page 313
Crime and Television......Page 315
BOX: Smoke Gets in Their Eyes......Page 316
Review Questions......Page 317
Practice Quiz......Page 318
Query Answers......Page 319
CHAPTER 10 Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus Control......Page 320
Generalization......Page 321
Generalization Gradients......Page 323
Semantic Generalization......Page 325
BOX: Generalized Therapy......Page 326
Generalization Following Extinction and Punishment......Page 328
Discrimination......Page 329
Discrimination Training......Page 330
Successive, Simultaneous, and MTS Procedures......Page 332
Errorless Discrimination Training......Page 333
Differential Outcomes Effect......Page 334
Stimulus Control......Page 336
BOX: Stimulus Control and Adaptation......Page 338
Pavlov’s Theory......Page 339
Spence’s Theory......Page 340
The Lashley-Wade Theory......Page 342
Concept Formation......Page 344
Mental Rotation......Page 347
Smoking Relapse......Page 349
Experimental Neuroses......Page 351
Recommended Reading......Page 352
Review Questions......Page 353
Query Answers......Page 354
CHAPTER 11 Memory and Forgetting......Page 356
Declarative Memories......Page 358
BOX: The Myth of Permanent Memory......Page 359
Nondeclarative Memory......Page 361
Where Do Memories Live?......Page 362
Defining Forgetting......Page 364
BOX: Reminiscence and the State of Learning......Page 365
Measuring Forgetting......Page 366
Variables in Forgetting......Page 369
Degree of Learning......Page 370
Prior Learning......Page 371
Subsequent Learning......Page 374
Context......Page 375
Foraging......Page 377
Eyewitness Testimony......Page 378
Learning to Remember......Page 380
Use Mnemonics......Page 381
BOX: Say All Fast Minute Each Day Shuffle......Page 382
Try a Mnemonic System......Page 383
Use Context Cues......Page 384
Use Prompts......Page 385
A Final Word on Forgetting......Page 386
BOX: The Man Who Couldn’t Forget......Page 388
Review Questions......Page 389
Query Answers......Page 391
CHAPTER 12 The Limits of Learning......Page 392
Physical Characteristics......Page 393
Nonheritability of Learned Behavior......Page 394
Heredity and Learning Ability......Page 396
Neurological Damage and Learning......Page 397
BOX: Recipe for Genius......Page 399
Critical Periods......Page 400
Preparedness and Learning......Page 401
BOX: Learning and Humanity......Page 405
Conclusion......Page 406
Review Questions......Page 407
Practice Quiz......Page 408
Query Answers......Page 409
Glossary......Page 410
References......Page 417
Author Index......Page 442
Subject Index......Page 448
THE LEARNING WORKBOOK: A workbook to accompany Learning and Behavior......Page 456
Contents......Page 458
Preface......Page 462
Natural Selection......Page 464
Nature via Nurture......Page 465
Measuring Learning......Page 466
Research Designs......Page 467
Animal Use......Page 472
Basic Procedures......Page 474
Measuring Pavlovian Learning......Page 475
Variables Affecting Pavlovian Conditioning......Page 476
Extinction of Conditional Responses......Page 479
Theories of Conditioning......Page 480
Fear......Page 482
Advertising......Page 483
Paraphilias......Page 484
Drug Overdose Deaths......Page 485
Basic Procedures......Page 486
Discrete Trial and Free Operant Procedures......Page 487
Operant and Pavlovian Learning Compared......Page 488
Variables Affecting Reinforcement......Page 489
Extinction of Reinforced Behavior......Page 490
Theories of Reinforcement......Page 491
Simple Schedules......Page 492
Intermittent Reinforcement and the PRE......Page 493
Complex Schedules......Page 495
Choice and the Matching Law......Page 496
Importance of Schedules Research......Page 497
Basic Procedures......Page 498
Theories of Punishment......Page 499
Alternatives to Punishment......Page 500
Overview......Page 502
Self-Control......Page 503
Phobia......Page 505
Interpreting Behavior......Page 506
Variables Affecting Observational Learning......Page 508
Theories of Observational Learning......Page 510
Applications and Interpretations......Page 511
Generalization......Page 512
Discrimination......Page 514
Theories of Generalization and Discrimination......Page 515
Applications and Interpretation of Behavior......Page 516
The Memory Store......Page 518
Defining and Measuring Forgetting......Page 519
Final Word on Forgetting......Page 521
Heredity and Learning Ability......Page 522
Conclusion......Page 523
References......Page 524

LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR: ACTIVE LEARNING EDITION, Sixth Edition, is stimulating, interactive, and filled with high-interest queries and examples that will help you succeed in your course. Based on the theme that learning is a biological mechanism that aids survival, this book embraces a scientific approach to behavior but is written in a lucid, clear language that you will find engaging and easy to understand. The workbook, which is included at the back of every text, is like having a built-in study companion! The workbook focuses on the core concepts and vocabulary presented in the text, giving you an opportunity to master the content before your next exam.


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Learning and Behavior -Active Learning Edition 6th by Paul Chance.7z {Charm-Quark}